Kihariri cha ramani kinachogawa Dunia katika vigae vya pembesita. Hufanya kazi ndani ya kivinjari, na unachochora hakitumwi kamwe kwenye seva.
01 · Hii ni nini
Kihariri cha ramani kinachogawa Dunia katika vigae vya pembesita. Paka rangi vigae, chora mistari, weka alama, ongeza maandishi.
Unachochora hubaki ndani ya kivinjari chako na hakitumwi kamwe kwenye seva. Kihifadhi katika faili na ukifungue tena baadaye.
Kuna viwango vinne vya undani.
Vigae 163,842 — upana wa takriban km 60 · MB 12 kwa ziara ya kwanza
Vigae 1,024,002 — takriban km 24 · MB 16
Vigae 5,898,242 — takriban km 10 · MB 28
Vigae 10,485,762 — takriban km 7.5 · MB 41
★ Kadiri kiwango kinavyokuwa kidogo ndivyo kinavyokuwa sahihi zaidi na kizito zaidi. Kwa vigae milioni kumi kompyuta ya mezani inashauriwa. Data hupakuliwa katika ziara ya kwanza tu, kisha hubaki ndani ya kivinjari.
02 · The screen
A menu bar sits above the map. Choosing a tool opens that tool in a floating window.
File — Save work (.json) · Open · ⊞ Attribute table · ⤓ Attributes (.csv) · ⤒ Import data (GeoJSON/CSV) · 🖨 Layout (export an image) · 🔗 Share link
Edit — Undo · Redo · Clear all
Explore — Pan · Pick · Distance
Draw — Paint · Erase · Fill inside · Fill country · Fill region · Center line · Edge line · Units · Events · Icons · Text · Chart
Facilities — power plants, mines, ports, universities, research institutes, factories and other points
Reset — clears everything you drew and every saved copy, back to the start
Drag a window by its title bar, fold it with ▾, close it with ✕. Positions are remembered.
03 · Viewing the map
Five projections — Globe (exploring) · Robinson (world thematic maps) · Wide Mercator (direction and routes) · Polar N · Polar S (poles).
★ Wide Mercator is a variant stretched 1.5× horizontally for looks. It is not the true projection, and polar distortion remains.
Drag to move, wheel or pinch to zoom, two fingers to rotate. Click a tile to see its values on a card.
04 · Kuchora
Paka rangi — brashi za vigae 1, 7 au 19. Unaweza kuweka mipaka kwa vyote, nchi kavu pekee au maji pekee
Kifutio · Chukua rangi — kufuta, au kuchukua rangi au alama iliyopo tayari
Jaza ndani · Jaza nchi · Eneo — kupaka eneo zima kwa mpaka wake kwa mara moja
Mstari wa kati · Ukingo — chagua mstari uliojaa au wa vitone, na unene
Alama za vikosi — alama 66. 56 za kijeshi na 10 za kiraia (zimamoto, uokoaji, matibabu, polisi, raia, waliohama, msaada, hifadhi, utafutaji na uokoaji, wajitoleaji). Chagua alama rasmi au alama za picha
Ngazi — hatua tisa. I kampuni · II kikosi · III jeshi dogo · × brigedi · ×× divisheni · ××× koo · ×××× jeshi la uwanjani · ××××× kundi la majeshi · ×××××× uwanja wa vita. Alama za baharini na angani huonyesha namba badala ya misalaba
🧲 Sumaku — iwashe unapochora na kila nukta hunata kwenye safu ya mistari uliyowasha. Mito, mipaka, barabara, reli, njia za bahari na anga — safu kumi na mbili, na zile ulizowasha tu. Duara jekundu huonyesha mapema mahali litakaponata
Matukio — aina 60: vita · siasa · maafa · uchumi · ujenzi · utamaduni · fantasia na hadithi za kisayansi
Ishara — aina 120: dini · rasilimali · miundombinu · maumbile · fantasia na hadithi za kisayansi
Maandishi · Chati · Umbali — kuweka majina / chati za nguzo, mistari na duara / umbali wa duara kuu kati ya vitone viwili
Madirisha ya Alama, Matukio na Ishara kila moja lina kitelezi cha ukubwa. Ukubwa hupimwa kwa idadi ya vigae, si kwa pikseli za skrini, hivyo eneo lake juu ya ramani halibadiliki unapokuza au kupunguza. Amua ukubwa kabla ya kuweka alama.
05 · Tabaka
Tabaka ulizowasha huonekana kama safu chini ya Layers on.
Bofya jina ili kulizima
▲▼ hubadilisha mpangilio wa kuchora
Kitelezi hufifisha tabaka hilo pekee
06 · Mipaka ya rangi
Vielelezo vya idadi ya watu, Pato kwa kila mtu, Pato jumla, eneo lililojengwa na lisilo la makazi vina vitufe vinne kila kimoja. Vinaamua jinsi data ileile inavyokatwa kuwa rangi.
Chaguo-msingi — mipaka iliyowekwa kwa mkono
Vipimo sawa — kugawa kipeo kwa usawa
Kwantaili — idadi sawa ya vigae katika kila rangi
Mipaka asilia — kukata pale thamani zinapojikusanya
★ Data iliyoegemea kama msongamano wa watu huonekana karibu rangi moja kwa vipimo sawa. Hapo kwantaili au mipaka asilia husomeka vizuri zaidi. Lakini swali si sana lipi ni sahihi bali unataka kuona nini — kwantaili inaweza kufanya chochote kionekane kimeenea sawasawa.
07 · Kuchagua kwa thamani
Fimbo ya kichawi huchagua kwa mpigo vigae vyote vinavyotimiza sharti. Ulichochagua kinaweza kupakwa rangi, kubanwa zaidi au kupanuliwa.
Kipeo cha thamani — masharti kama mwinuko juu ya 500 m au Pato kwa mtu chini ya $20,000
Operesheni za seti — mpya · ongeza · toa · sehemu inayoingiliana tu
◎ Buffer — hupanua uteuzi kwa kipenyo. Kipimo cha kipenyo hufuata mfumo wa vipimo ulioteua
⤒ Ingiza data — huleta GeoJSON au CSV yako kama uteuzi (nukta na poligoni)
★ Eneo la pambizo hufunika hadi vigae milioni 2 kwa wakati mmoja; zaidi ya hapo husimama na kukuambia. Sasa mistari (LineString) pia huingizwa — vigae vyote ambavyo mstari hupita huchaguliwa, hivyo reli, barabara, njia na mipaka huingia kama zilivyo.
08 · Jedwali na kuhamisha
Faili › ⊞ Jedwali la sifa huonyesha vigae ulivyopaka kama jedwali la safu 17 — namba ya kigae, latitudo na longitudo, eneo, nchi kavu au maji, nchi, eneo la utawala, mwinuko, hali ya hewa, kifuniko cha ardhi, idadi ya watu, msongamano, Pato kwa mtu, Pato jumla, eneo lililojengwa, lisilo la makazi, na rangi uliyopaka.
⤓ Sifa (.csv) — hupakuliwa na kufunguka moja kwa moja kwenye lahajedwali, herufi zikiwa salama
Safu za eneo, mwinuko na msongamano hufuata mfumo wa vipimo ulioteua
★ Jedwali huonyesha hadi safu mlalo 500 kwa wakati mmoja. Tumia CSV kupata yote. Bofya kichwa cha safu ili kupanga, andika kwenye utafutaji ili kuchuja. Tumia Safu wima kuficha safu; CSV hufuata unachoona.
09 · Mitiririko ya uhamiaji
Tabaka › ⇄ Uhamiaji huchora tao kati ya nchi. Bila kuchagua chochote unaona mitiririko mikubwa duniani; bofya nchi na itabaki yake pekee.
Nyekundu wanaoondoka · Buluu wanaowasili
Unene ni logarithimu ya idadi. Pande mbili hupinda mbali ili zisipishane
★ Haya ni makadirio, si kumbukumbu za uhamaji halisi. Nchi nyingi hazichapishi uhamiaji kati ya nchi mbili, hivyo takwimu zimehesabiwa kinyume kutoka mabadiliko ya hifadhi ya wahamiaji ya UM (Abel & Cohen 2019, makadirio ya nusu-Bayes). Ni jumla za miaka mitano na huishia 1990–2020.
10 · Wakati
Kitelezi cha mwaka hufuata kipindi halisi cha kila seti ya data. Idadi ya watu, Pato, eneo lililojengwa na kiwango cha ukuaji wa miji ni 1975–2030; kifuniko cha ardhi 2001–2024; makadirio ya mtiririko wa uhamiaji 1990–2020, kwa vipindi vya miaka mitano. Mwaka nje ya kipindi huruka hadi ulio karibu, hivyo mwaka unaoonyeshwa na unaotumika ni ule ule daima. 2030 ni utabiri.
Hali ya hewa ya Köppen ipo katika vipindi sita — 1901–1930, 1931–1960, 1961–1990 na 1991–2020 vimepimwa; 2041–2070 na 2071–2099 vimetabiriwa kwa SSP2-4.5. ★ Vipindi vya utabiri ni matokeo ya modeli, si kipimo. Ni hali moja kati ya kadhaa, na ramani huchora vilivyopimwa na vilivyotabiriwa kwa rangi zilezile. Soma jina la kipindi kabla ya kusoma ramani.
Ukichagua mwaka nje ya kipindi, husogezwa hadi mwaka wa karibu zaidi, hivyo mwaka unaoonyeshwa na mwaka unaotumika kwa hakika huwa mmoja siku zote. 2030 ni utabiri.
11 · Vipimo
Urefu, eneo, mwinuko na halijoto vinaweza kuonyeshwa kwa vipimo vya mita au vya Marekani. Chagua kwenye ukurasa wa kwanza, au ongeza ?u=imp (Marekani) au ?u=si (mita) kwenye anwani. Chaguo lako hukumbukwa.
Mita — km · km² · m · ℃ · mm/siku
Marekani — mi · sq mi · ft · °F · in/day
★ Both systems use the same colour breaks. The steps are set once as a physical quantity, and only the labels change — so 25 mm reads as 0.98 in rather than a rounder number. The same colour always means the same value, and maps in the two systems can be compared side by side.
12 · Vector layers
Analyze › Vector layers splits lines, units, labels and charts into separate layers. There is no limit on how many.
◉ / ○ show or hide that layer
🔒 lock — nothing is drawn there
Opacity for that layer only
↑ ↓ reorder — later layers draw on top
Clip shows the layer only inside one faction's territory
Double-click the name to rename it
★ Painting is not split. Holding several 10.5-million-cell arrays would double the memory. Only lines and points are split.
13 · Colour by rules
Below Analyze › Select by attribute there is a Rules box. Store several rules — "0–500 m green, 501–1500 m yellow" — and paint them in one go.
+ Add rule stores one rule with the current palette colour
▶ Run rules paints them in order — later rules cover earlier ones
▤ Smooth ramp blends between two colours instead of steps
★ Water is skipped. It can be undone.
14 · Saving
Autosave is on. When you stop working it is stored in the browser, and next time you are asked whether to continue from there.
There are several places to keep things, so here is what each one is.
Save my work (.json) — real safekeeping. A file with drawing, lines, units, layers and bookmarks
Autosave — this browser and device only
Keep for later › Keep this work in the browser — the same store, done by hand
Snapshots — keep the current drawing and show it underneath as tracing (five slots)
Bookmark › this place — keeps only where you are looking
Bookmark › this base map + layers — keeps the base map and which layers are on. Not the drawing
Preset › selection · unit settings — keeps settings to reuse
Link — puts the work in the address. If it is too big, save a file instead
★ Autosave lives only in this browser on this device. For real safekeeping use Save map (.json). The file holds not only your drawing but the map state you were looking at — projection, base layer, zoom, camera and year.
15 · Exporting an image
Use File › 🖨 Layout.
Type the width and height directly. The maximum is the browser's own limit (16,384 px per side)
Add a title and a subtitle
Turn the map legend and the colour legend on or off separately
Make the background transparent
Choose which corner the legends sit in, and adjust the margin
Choose the scale-bar unit — if you do not, it follows the unit system you chose
The site address is stamped small in the top right, so people who see the image can find where it came from
★ Large images are drawn in screen-sized pieces and stitched together. This uses no extra graphics memory, so large exports work even at 10 million tiles. Many pieces take a few tens of seconds, and progress is shown.
16 · Ubao wa ujumbe
Chini ya kila ramani kuna ubao wa ujumbe. Yeyote anaweza kuandika — hakuna akaunti inayohitajika.
★ Machapisho na picha huhifadhiwa kwenye seva. Tofauti na unachochora kwenye ramani, havibaki katika kivinjari chako pekee. Picha hupunguzwa kwenye kivinjari kabla ya kupakiwa, jambo linaloondoa eneo la GPS lililorekodiwa na kamera.
17 · Search
Cities are found in any language — "부산", "Busan" and "釜山" all work.
Country codes (KR), coordinates (37.5 127) and tile numbers (#1000) work too.
18 · Mipaka ya data — tafadhali soma
Ramani inaonekana sahihi, lakini data iliyo nyuma yake si sahihi kiasi hicho kila wakati.
Uvuvi — ni wastani wa vibanzi 1,102 vilivyotokana na kuchanganya maeneo ya uvuvi ya FAO na maeneo ya kiuchumi ya kipekee. Vigae vyote ndani ya kibanzi kimoja vina thamani ile ile; si mahali uvuvi ulipofanyika kweli
Majengo yasiyo ya makazi — "yasiyo ya makazi" hujumuisha ofisi, maduka, shule na hospitali, si viwanda pekee
Mifugo — mipaka ya rangi hutofautiana kwa kila aina. Usilinganishe aina kwa rangi
Pato la taifa kwa jumla — si kipimo kilichochunguzwa bali mgawanyo wa kukadiria: idadi ya watu × pato kwa kila mtu
Njia za baharini na angani — ni njia za mfano na za kukadiria, si nyayo halisi za safari
Vyuo vikuu na taasisi za utafiti — asilimia 27 ya viwianishi ni vitone vinavyowakilisha mji, si anwani ya taasisi yenyewe (kadi husema hivyo)
Toleo la vigae milioni kumi — baadhi ya tabaka hurithi data iliyotengenezwa kwa vigae milioni 5.9, hivyo ni mabovu kuliko kigae chenyewe
2030 — ni utabiri
Mitiririko ya uhamiaji — si uchunguzi bali hesabu ya kinyume kutoka mabadiliko ya hifadhi ya wahamiaji ya UM
Majina ya mito na maziwa — kama chanzo kinavyoyatoa. Lugha isipokuwa na jina, Kiingereza huonekana
19 · When you get stuck
Slow or frozen — open a coarser resolution. A desktop is recommended for 10 million tiles
My work disappeared — if you saved a file, use File › Load. Autosave only returns in the same browser
A red line at the bottom of the screen — a download failed. Send us that message as it is
Facilities look clumped — use the Cluster slider in the facility window. The number merged is written as ×N
The magnet does not snap — turn on a line layer to follow (rivers, borders, roads…) under Overlays first. With none on, the measure line says so in red
20 · Keyboard
1–5 pan · paint · erase · lines · units
6 · I pick · B brush · E erase · F fill a closed area
[] brush size · Space pan for a moment
Ctrl+Z undo · Ctrl+Y redo · Enter finish the line · Esc close window or menu